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Aggregate Functions

Examples​

Produce a single row containing the sum of the amount column:

SQL
SELECT sum(amount)FROM sales;
 sum
-----
 170

Produce one row per unique region, containing the sum of amount for each group:

SQL
SELECT region, sum(amount)FROM salesGROUP BY region;
 region | sum
--------+-----
 east   | 110
 north  |  40
 south  |  20

Return only the regions that have a sum of amount higher than 100:

SQL
SELECT regionFROM salesGROUP BY regionHAVING sum(amount) > 100;
 region
--------
 east

Return the number of unique values in the region column:

SQL
SELECT count(DISTINCT region)FROM sales;
 count
-------
     3

Return two values, the total sum of amount and the sum of amount minus columns where the region is north using the FILTER clause:

SQL
SELECT sum(amount), sum(amount) FILTER (region != 'north')FROM sales;
 sum | sum
-----+-----
 170 | 130

Returns a list of all regions in order of the amount column:

SQL
SELECT list(region ORDER BY amount DESC)FROM sales;
 list
--------------------------
 {east,north,south,north}

Returns the amount of the first sale using the first() aggregate function:

SQL
SELECT first(amount ORDER BY date ASC)FROM sales;
 first
-------
    10

Syntax​

Syntax

Aggregates are functions that combine multiple rows into a single value. Aggregates are different from scalar functions and window functions because they change the cardinality of the result. As such, aggregates can only be used in the SELECT and HAVING clauses of a SQL query.

DISTINCT Clause in Aggregate Functions​

When the DISTINCT clause is provided, only distinct values are considered in the computation of the aggregate. This is typically used in combination with the count aggregate to get the number of distinct elements; but it can be used together with any aggregate function in the system. There are some aggregates that are insensitive to duplicate values (e.g., min and max) and for them this clause is parsed and ignored.

ORDER BY Clause in Aggregate Functions​

An ORDER BY clause can be provided after the last argument of the function call. Note the lack of the comma separator before the clause.

SQL
SELECT string_agg(region, ', ' ORDER BY amount DESC) AS string_aggFROM sales;
 string_agg
---------------------------
 east, north, south, north

This clause ensures that the values being aggregated are sorted before applying the function. Most aggregate functions are order-insensitive, and for them this clause is parsed and discarded. However, there are some order-sensitive aggregates that can have non-deterministic results without ordering, e.g., first, last, list and string_agg / group_concat / listagg. These can be made deterministic by ordering the arguments.

For example:

SQL
CREATE TABLE tbl AS    SELECT s FROM range(1, 4) r(s);
SELECT string_agg(s, ', ' ORDER BY s DESC) AS countdownFROM tbl;
 countdown
-----------
 3, 2, 1

Handling NULL Values​

All general aggregate functions ignore NULLs, except for list (array_agg), first (arbitrary) and last. To exclude NULLs from list, you can use a FILTER clause. To ignore NULLs from first, you can use the any_value aggregate.

All general aggregate functions except count return NULL on empty groups. In particular, list does not return an empty list, sum does not return zero, and string_agg does not return an empty string in this case.

General Aggregate Functions​

The examples in this section run against the following table:

SQL
CREATE TABLE agg_demo (a INTEGER, b INTEGER, s VARCHAR, w DOUBLE, bl BOOLEAN);
INSERT INTO agg_demo VALUES    (10, 1, 'a', 1.0, true),    (20, 2, 'b', 2.0, false),    (30, 3, 'c', 3.0, true),    (40, 4, 'd', 4.0, true);

The table below shows the available general aggregate functions.

FunctionDescription
any_value(arg)Returns the first non-null value from arg. This function is affected by ordering.
arbitrary(arg)Returns the first value — NULL or not — from arg. Cheaper than any_value when any row will do and NULLs are acceptable. This function is affected by ordering.
arg_max(arg, val)Finds the row with the maximum val and calculates the arg expression at that row. Rows where the value of the arg or val expression is NULL are ignored. This function is affected by ordering.
arg_max(arg, val, n)The generalized case of arg_max for n values: returns a LIST containing the arg expressions for the top n rows ordered by val descending. This function is affected by ordering.
arg_max_null(arg, val)Finds the row with the maximum val and calculates the arg expression at that row. Rows where the val expression evaluates to NULL are ignored. This function is affected by ordering.
arg_max_nulls_last(arg, val)Like arg_max_null, but rows whose val expression is NULL are also kept, and are ordered after every row with a value. Takes an optional third argument n for the top n rows.
arg_min(arg, val)Finds the row with the minimum val and calculates the arg expression at that row. Rows where the value of the arg or val expression is NULL are ignored. This function is affected by ordering.
arg_min(arg, val, n)Returns a LIST containing the arg expressions for the "bottom" n rows ordered by val ascending. This function is affected by ordering.
arg_min_null(arg, val)Finds the row with the minimum val and calculates the arg expression at that row. Rows where the val expression evaluates to NULL are ignored. This function is affected by ordering.
arg_min_nulls_last(arg, val)Like arg_min_null, but rows whose val expression is NULL are also kept, and are ordered after every row with a value. Takes an optional third argument n for the bottom n rows.
avg(arg)Calculates the average of all non-null values in arg. This function is affected by ordering.
bit_and(arg)Returns the bitwise AND of all bits in a given expression.
bit_or(arg)Returns the bitwise OR of all bits in a given expression.
bit_xor(arg)Returns the bitwise XOR of all bits in a given expression.
bitstring_agg(arg)Returns a bitstring whose length corresponds to the range of the non-null (integer) values, with bits set at the location of each (distinct) value.
bool_and(arg)Returns true if every input value is true, otherwise false.
bool_or(arg)Returns true if any input value is true, otherwise false.
count()Returns the number of rows.
count(arg)Returns the number of rows where arg is not NULL.
countif(arg)Returns the number of rows where arg is true.
decimal_average(arg)Averages a DECIMAL column with exact integer arithmetic and banker's rounding, returning a DECIMAL of the same width and scale as the input. Use it instead of avg when the result must stay exact.
every(arg)Returns TRUE when every input value is TRUE. The SQL-standard spelling of bool_and.
favg(arg)Calculates the average using a more accurate floating point summation (Kahan Sum). This function is affected by ordering.
first(arg)Returns the first value (null or non-null) from arg. This function is affected by ordering.
fsum(arg)Calculates the sum using a more accurate floating point summation (Kahan Sum). This function is affected by ordering.
geometric_mean(arg)Calculates the geometric mean of all non-null values in arg. This function is affected by ordering.
histogram(arg)Returns a MAP of key-value pairs representing buckets and counts.
histogram(arg, boundaries)Returns a MAP of key-value pairs representing the provided upper boundaries and counts of elements in the corresponding bins (left-open and right-closed partitions) of the datatype. A boundary at the largest value of the datatype is automatically added when elements larger than all provided boundaries appear, see is_histogram_other_bin. Boundaries may be provided, e.g., via equi_width_bins.
histogram_exact(arg, elements)Returns a MAP of key-value pairs representing the requested elements and their counts. A catch-all element specific to the data-type is automatically added to count other elements when they appear, see is_histogram_other_bin.
histogram_values(source, boundaries)Returns the upper boundaries of the bins and their counts.
kahan_sum(arg)Sums a floating-point column with Kahan compensated summation, which keeps far more precision than sum when the values differ widely in magnitude.
last(arg)Returns the last value of a column. This function is affected by ordering.
list(arg)Returns a LIST containing all the values of a column. This function is affected by ordering.
max(arg)Returns the maximum value present in arg. This function is unaffected by distinctness.
max(arg, n)Returns a LIST containing the arg values for the "top" n rows ordered by arg descending.
min(arg)Returns the minimum value present in arg. This function is unaffected by distinctness.
min(arg, n)Returns a LIST containing the arg values for the "bottom" n rows ordered by arg ascending.
product(arg)Calculates the product of all non-null values in arg. This function is affected by ordering.
string_agg(arg)Concatenates the column string values with a comma separator (,). This function is affected by ordering.
string_agg(arg, sep)Concatenates the column string values with a separator. This function is affected by ordering.
sum(arg)Calculates the sum of all non-null values in arg / counts true values when arg is boolean. The floating-point versions of this function are affected by ordering.
weighted_avg(arg, weight)Calculates the weighted average of all non-null values in arg, where each value is scaled by its corresponding weight. If weight is NULL, the corresponding arg value will be skipped. This function is affected by ordering.

any_value(arg)​

Returns the first non-NULL value from arg. This function is affected by ordering.

SQL
SELECT any_value(a ORDER BY a) AS any_value FROM agg_demo;
 any_value
-----------
        10

arg_max(arg, val)​

Finds the row with the maximum val and calculates the arg expression at that row. Rows where the value of the arg or val expression is NULL are ignored. This function is affected by ordering. Aliases: argmax(arg, val), max_by(arg, val).

SQL
SELECT arg_max(a, b) AS arg_max FROM agg_demo;
 arg_max
---------
      40

arg_max(arg, val, n)​

The generalized case of arg_max for n values: returns a LIST containing the arg expressions for the top n rows ordered by val descending. This function is affected by ordering. Aliases: argmax(arg, val, n), max_by(arg, val, n).

SQL
SELECT arg_max(a, b, 2) AS arg_max FROM agg_demo;
 arg_max
---------
 {40,30}

arg_max_null(arg, val)​

Finds the row with the maximum val and calculates the arg expression at that row. Rows where the val expression evaluates to NULL are ignored. This function is affected by ordering.

SQL
SELECT arg_max_null(a, b) AS arg_max_null FROM agg_demo;
 arg_max_null
--------------
           40

arg_min(arg, val)​

Finds the row with the minimum val and calculates the arg expression at that row. Rows where the value of the arg or val expression is NULL are ignored. This function is affected by ordering. Aliases: argmin(arg, val), min_by(arg, val).

SQL
SELECT arg_min(a, b) AS arg_min FROM agg_demo;
 arg_min
---------
      10

arg_min(arg, val, n)​

The generalized case of arg_min for n values: returns a LIST containing the arg expressions for the bottom n rows ordered by val ascending. This function is affected by ordering. Aliases: argmin(arg, val, n), min_by(arg, val, n).

SQL
SELECT arg_min(a, b, 2) AS arg_min FROM agg_demo;
 arg_min
---------
 {10,20}

arg_min_null(arg, val)​

Finds the row with the minimum val and calculates the arg expression at that row. Rows where the val expression evaluates to NULL are ignored. This function is affected by ordering.

SQL
SELECT arg_min_null(a, b) AS arg_min_null FROM agg_demo;
 arg_min_null
--------------
           10

avg(arg)​

Calculates the average of all non-null values in arg. This function is affected by ordering. Alias: mean.

SQL
SELECT avg(a) AS avg FROM agg_demo;
 avg
-----
  25

bit_and(arg)​

Returns the bitwise AND of all bits in a given expression.

SQL
SELECT bit_and(a) AS bit_and FROM agg_demo;
 bit_and
---------
       0

bit_or(arg)​

Returns the bitwise OR of all bits in a given expression.

SQL
SELECT bit_or(a) AS bit_or FROM agg_demo;
 bit_or
--------
     62

bit_xor(arg)​

Returns the bitwise XOR of all bits in a given expression.

SQL
SELECT bit_xor(a) AS bit_xor FROM agg_demo;
 bit_xor
---------
      40

bitstring_agg(arg)​

Returns a bitstring whose length corresponds to the range of the non-null (integer) values, with bits set at the location of each (distinct) value.

SQL
SELECT bitstring_agg(a) AS bitstring_agg FROM agg_demo;
 bitstring_agg
---------------------------------
 1000000000100000000010000000001

bool_and(arg)​

Returns true if every input value is true, otherwise false.

SQL
SELECT bool_and(bl) AS bool_and FROM agg_demo;
 bool_and
----------
 f

bool_or(arg)​

Returns true if any input value is true, otherwise false.

SQL
SELECT bool_or(bl) AS bool_or FROM agg_demo;
 bool_or
---------
 t

count()​

Returns the number of rows. Alias: count(*).

SQL
SELECT count() AS count FROM agg_demo;
 count
-------
     4

count(arg)​

Returns the number of rows where arg is not NULL.

SQL
SELECT count(a) AS count FROM agg_demo;
 count
-------
     4

countif(arg)​

Returns the number of rows where arg is true.

SQL
SELECT countif(bl) AS countif FROM agg_demo;
 countif
---------
       3

favg(arg)​

Calculates the average using a more accurate floating point summation (Kahan Sum). This function is affected by ordering.

SQL
SELECT favg(a) AS favg FROM agg_demo;
 favg
------
   25

first(arg)​

Returns the first value (null or non-null) from arg. This function is affected by ordering. Alias: arbitrary(A).

SQL
SELECT first(a ORDER BY a) AS first FROM agg_demo;
 first
-------
    10

fsum(arg)​

Calculates the sum using a more accurate floating point summation (Kahan Sum). This function is affected by ordering. Aliases: sumkahan, kahan_sum.

SQL
SELECT fsum(a) AS fsum FROM agg_demo;
 fsum
------
  100

geometric_mean(arg)​

Calculates the geometric mean of all non-null values in arg. This function is affected by ordering. Alias: geomean(A).

SQL
SELECT geometric_mean(a) AS geometric_mean FROM agg_demo;
 geometric_mean
--------------------
 22.133638394006436

histogram(arg)​

Returns a MAP of key-value pairs representing buckets and counts.

SQL
SELECT histogram(a) AS histogram FROM agg_demo;
 histogram
---------------------------------------
 {"(10,1)","(20,1)","(30,1)","(40,1)"}

histogram(arg, boundaries)​

Returns a MAP of key-value pairs representing the provided upper boundaries and counts of elements in the corresponding bins (left-open and right-closed partitions) of the datatype. A boundary at the largest value of the datatype is automatically added when elements larger than all provided boundaries appear, see is_histogram_other_bin. Boundaries may be provided, e.g., via equi_width_bins.

SQL
SELECT histogram(a, [0, 1, 10]) AS histogram FROM agg_demo;
 histogram
---------------------------------------------
 {"(0,0)","(1,0)","(10,1)","(2147483647,3)"}

histogram_exact(arg, elements)​

Returns a MAP of key-value pairs representing the requested elements and their counts. A catch-all element specific to the data-type is automatically added to count other elements when they appear, see is_histogram_other_bin.

SQL
SELECT histogram_exact(s, ['a', 'b', 'c']) AS histogram_exact FROM agg_demo;
 histogram_exact
----------------------------------------
 {"(a,1)","(b,1)","(c,1)","(\\"\\",1)"}

histogram_values(source, col_name, technique, bin_count)​

DescriptionReturns the upper boundaries of the bins and their counts.
Examplehistogram_values(integers, i, bin_count := 2)

Note: this function is not yet supported in SereneDB.

last(arg)​

Returns the last value of a column. This function is affected by ordering.

SQL
SELECT last(a ORDER BY a) AS last FROM agg_demo;
 last
------
   40

list(arg)​

Returns a LIST containing all the values of a column. This function is affected by ordering. Alias: array_agg.

SQL
SELECT list(a ORDER BY a) AS list FROM agg_demo;
 list
---------------
 {10,20,30,40}

max(arg)​

Returns the maximum value present in arg. This function is unaffected by distinctness.

SQL
SELECT max(a) AS max FROM agg_demo;
 max
-----
  40

max(arg, n)​

Returns a LIST containing the arg values for the "top" n rows ordered by arg descending.

SQL
SELECT max(a, 2) AS max FROM agg_demo;
 max
---------
 {40,30}

min(arg)​

Returns the minimum value present in arg. This function is unaffected by distinctness.

SQL
SELECT min(a) AS min FROM agg_demo;
 min
-----
  10

min(arg, n)​

Returns a LIST containing the arg values for the "bottom" n rows ordered by arg ascending.

SQL
SELECT min(a, 2) AS min FROM agg_demo;
 min
---------
 {10,20}

product(arg)​

Calculates the product of all non-null values in arg. This function is affected by ordering.

SQL
SELECT product(a) AS product FROM agg_demo;
 product
---------
  240000

string_agg(arg)​

Concatenates the column string values with a comma separator (,). This function is affected by ordering. Aliases: group_concat(arg), listagg(arg).

SQL
SELECT string_agg(s ORDER BY s) AS string_agg FROM agg_demo;
 string_agg
------------
 a,b,c,d

string_agg(arg, sep)​

Concatenates the column string values with a separator. This function is affected by ordering. Aliases: group_concat(arg, sep), listagg(arg, sep).

SQL
SELECT string_agg(s, '-' ORDER BY s) AS string_agg FROM agg_demo;
 string_agg
------------
 a-b-c-d

sum(arg)​

Calculates the sum of all non-null values in arg / counts true values when arg is boolean. The floating-point versions of this function are affected by ordering.

SQL
SELECT sum(a) AS sum FROM agg_demo;
 sum
-----
 100

weighted_avg(arg, weight)​

Calculates the weighted average of all non-null values in arg, where each value is scaled by its corresponding weight. If weight is NULL, the value will be skipped. This function is affected by ordering. Alias: wavg(arg, weight).

SQL
SELECT weighted_avg(a, w) AS weighted_avg FROM agg_demo;
 weighted_avg
--------------
           30

Approximate Aggregates​

The table below shows the available approximate aggregate functions.

FunctionDescriptionExample
approx_count_distinct(x)Calculates the approximate count of distinct elements using HyperLogLog.approx_count_distinct(A)
approx_quantile(x, pos)Calculates the approximate quantile using T-Digest.approx_quantile(A, 0.5)
approx_top_k(arg, k)Calculates a LIST of the k approximately most frequent values of arg using Filtered Space-Saving.
reservoir_quantile(x, quantile, sample_size = 8192)Calculates the approximate quantile using reservoir sampling, the sample size is optional and uses 8192 as a default size.reservoir_quantile(A, 0.5, 1024)

Statistical Aggregates​

The table below shows the available statistical aggregate functions. They all ignore NULL values (in the case of a single input column x), or pairs where either input is NULL (in the case of two input columns y and x).

FunctionDescription
corr(y, x)The correlation coefficient.
covar_pop(y, x)The population covariance, which does not include bias correction.
covar_samp(y, x)The sample covariance, which includes Bessel's bias correction.
entropy(x)The log-2 entropy of count input-values.
kurtosis_pop(x)The excess kurtosis (Fisher’s definition) without bias correction.
kurtosis(x)The excess kurtosis (Fisher's definition) with bias correction according to the sample size.
mad(x)The median absolute deviation. Temporal types return a positive INTERVAL.
median(x)The middle value of the set. For even value counts, quantitative values are averaged and ordinal values return the lower value.
mode(x)The most frequent value. This function is affected by ordering.
quantile(x, pos)The exact pos-quantile of x for 0 <= pos <= 1, an alias of quantile_disc. If pos is a LIST of FLOATs the result is a LIST of the corresponding quantiles. For an approximate answer over large inputs see approx_quantile.
quantile_cont(x, pos)The interpolated pos-quantile of x for -1 <= pos <= 1. Returns the pos * (n_nonnull_values - 1)th (zero-indexed, in the specified order) value of x or an interpolation between the adjacent values if the index is not an integer. Values of pos between -1 and 0 correspond to counting backwards from 1. More precisely, quantile_cont(x, -y) = quantile_cont(x, 1 - y). Intuitively, arranges the values of x as equispaced points on a line, starting at 0 and ending at 1, and returns the (interpolated) value at pos. This is Type 7 in Hyndman & Fan (1996). If pos is a LIST of FLOATs, then the result is a LIST of the corresponding interpolated quantiles.
quantile_disc(x, pos)The discrete pos-quantile of x for 0 <= pos <= 1. Returns the greatest(ceil(pos * n_nonnull_values) - 1, 0)th (zero-indexed, in the specified order) value of x. Intuitively, assigns to each value of x an equisized sub-interval (left-open and right-closed except for the initial interval) of the interval [0, 1], and picks the value of the sub-interval that contains pos. This is Type 1 in Hyndman & Fan (1996). If pos is a LIST of FLOATs, then the result is a LIST of the corresponding discrete quantiles.
regr_avgx(y, x)The average of the independent variable for non-NULL pairs, where x is the independent variable and y is the dependent variable.
regr_avgy(y, x)The average of the dependent variable for non-NULL pairs, where x is the independent variable and y is the dependent variable.
regr_count(y, x)The number of non-NULL pairs.
regr_intercept(y, x)The intercept of the univariate linear regression line, where x is the independent variable and y is the dependent variable.
regr_r2(y, x)The squared Pearson correlation coefficient between y and x. Also: The coefficient of determination in a linear regression, where x is the independent variable and y is the dependent variable.
regr_slope(y, x)The slope of the linear regression line, where x is the independent variable and y is the dependent variable.
regr_sxx(y, x)The sample variance, which includes Bessel's bias correction, of the independent variable for non-NULL pairs, where x is the independent variable and y is the dependent variable.
regr_sxy(y, x)The sample covariance, which includes Bessel's bias correction.
regr_syy(y, x)The sample variance, which includes Bessel's bias correction, of the dependent variable for non-NULL pairs, where x is the independent variable and y is the dependent variable.
skewness(x)The skewness.
sem(x)The standard error of the mean.
stddev_pop(x)The population standard deviation.
stddev_samp(x)The sample standard deviation.
var_pop(x)The population variance, which does not include bias correction.
var_samp(x)The sample variance, which includes Bessel's bias correction.

corr(y, x)​

DescriptionThe correlation coefficient.
Formulacovar_pop(y, x) / (stddev_pop(x) * stddev_pop(y))

covar_pop(y, x)​

DescriptionThe population covariance, which does not include bias correction.
Formula(sum(x*y) - sum(x) * sum(y) / regr_count(y, x)) / regr_count(y, x), covar_samp(y, x) * (1 - 1 / regr_count(y, x))

covar_samp(y, x)​

DescriptionThe sample covariance, which includes Bessel's bias correction.
Formula(sum(x*y) - sum(x) * sum(y) / regr_count(y, x)) / (regr_count(y, x) - 1), covar_pop(y, x) / (1 - 1 / regr_count(y, x))
Alias(es)regr_sxy(y, x)

entropy(x)​

DescriptionThe log-2 entropy of count input-values.
Formula-

kurtosis_pop(x)​

DescriptionThe excess kurtosis (Fisher’s definition) without bias correction.
Formula-

kurtosis(x)​

DescriptionThe excess kurtosis (Fisher's definition) with bias correction according to the sample size.
Formula-

mad(x)​

DescriptionThe median absolute deviation. Temporal types return a positive INTERVAL.
Formulamedian(abs(x - median(x)))

median(x)​

DescriptionThe middle value of the set. For even value counts, quantitative values are averaged and ordinal values return the lower value.
Formulaquantile_cont(x, 0.5)

mode(x)​

DescriptionThe most frequent value. This function is affected by ordering.
Formula-

quantile_cont(x, pos)​

DescriptionThe interpolated pos-quantile of x for 0 <= pos <= 1. Returns the pos * (n_nonnull_values - 1)th (zero-indexed, in the specified order) value of x or an interpolation between the adjacent values if the index is not an integer. Intuitively, arranges the values of x as equispaced points on a line, starting at 0 and ending at 1, and returns the (interpolated) value at pos. This is Type 7 in Hyndman & Fan (1996). If pos is a LIST of FLOATs, then the result is a LIST of the corresponding interpolated quantiles.
Formula-

quantile_disc(x, pos)​

DescriptionThe discrete pos-quantile of x for 0 <= pos <= 1. Returns the greatest(ceil(pos * n_nonnull_values) - 1, 0)th (zero-indexed, in the specified order) value of x. Intuitively, assigns to each value of x an equisized sub-interval (left-open and right-closed except for the initial interval) of the interval [0, 1], and picks the value of the sub-interval that contains pos. This is Type 1 in Hyndman & Fan (1996). If pos is a LIST of FLOATs, then the result is a LIST of the corresponding discrete quantiles.
Formula-
Alias(es)quantile

regr_avgx(y, x)​

DescriptionThe average of the independent variable for non-NULL pairs, where x is the independent variable and y is the dependent variable.
Formula-

regr_avgy(y, x)​

DescriptionThe average of the dependent variable for non-NULL pairs, where x is the independent variable and y is the dependent variable.
Formula-

regr_count(y, x)​

DescriptionThe number of non-NULL pairs.
Formula-

regr_intercept(y, x)​

DescriptionThe intercept of the univariate linear regression line, where x is the independent variable and y is the dependent variable.
Formularegr_avgy(y, x) - regr_slope(y, x) * regr_avgx(y, x)

regr_r2(y, x)​

DescriptionThe squared Pearson correlation coefficient between y and x. Also: The coefficient of determination in a linear regression, where x is the independent variable and y is the dependent variable.
Formula-

regr_slope(y, x)​

DescriptionReturns the slope of the linear regression line, where x is the independent variable and y is the dependent variable.
Formularegr_sxy(y, x) / regr_sxx(y, x)
Alias(es)-

regr_sxx(y, x)​

DescriptionThe sample variance, which includes Bessel's bias correction, of the independent variable for non-NULL pairs, where x is the independent variable and y is the dependent variable.
Formula-

regr_sxy(y, x)​

DescriptionThe sample covariance, which includes Bessel's bias correction.
Formula(sum(x*y) - sum(x) * sum(y) / regr_count(y, x)) / (regr_count(y, x) - 1), covar_pop(y, x) / (1 - 1 / regr_count(y, x))
Alias(es)covar_samp(y, x)

regr_syy(y, x)​

DescriptionThe sample variance, which includes Bessel's bias correction, of the dependent variable for non-NULL pairs, where x is the independent variable and y is the dependent variable.
Formula-

sem(x)​

DescriptionThe standard error of the mean.
Formula-

skewness(x)​

DescriptionThe skewness.
Formula-

stddev_pop(x)​

DescriptionThe population standard deviation.
Formulasqrt(var_pop(x))

stddev_samp(x)​

DescriptionThe sample standard deviation.
Formulasqrt(var_samp(x))
Alias(es)stddev(x)

var_pop(x)​

DescriptionThe population variance, which does not include bias correction.
Formula(sum(x^2) - sum(x)^2 / count(x)) / count(x), var_samp(y, x) * (1 - 1 / count(x))

var_samp(x)​

DescriptionThe sample variance, which includes Bessel's bias correction.
Formula(sum(x^2) - sum(x)^2 / count(x)) / (count(x) - 1), var_pop(y, x) / (1 - 1 / count(x))
Alias(es)variance(arg, val)

Ordered Set Aggregate Functions​

The table below shows the available “ordered set” aggregate functions. These functions are specified using the WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY sort_expression) syntax, and they are converted to an equivalent aggregate function that takes the ordering expression as the first argument.

FunctionEquivalent
mode() WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY column [(ASC|DESC)])mode(column ORDER BY column [(ASC|DESC)])
percentile_cont(fraction) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY column [(ASC|DESC)])quantile_cont(column, fraction ORDER BY column [(ASC|DESC)])
percentile_cont(fractions) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY column [(ASC|DESC)])quantile_cont(column, fractions ORDER BY column [(ASC|DESC)])
percentile_disc(fraction) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY column [(ASC|DESC)])quantile_disc(column, fraction ORDER BY column [(ASC|DESC)])
percentile_disc(fractions) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY column [(ASC|DESC)])quantile_disc(column, fractions ORDER BY column [(ASC|DESC)])

Aggregate Aliases​

These names are alternative spellings of the aggregates above, kept so that queries written for PostgreSQL, DuckDB or other dialects run unchanged. Each behaves exactly like the function it aliases.

FunctionDescription
argmax(arg, val)Alias of arg_max(arg, val).
argmin(arg, val)Alias of arg_min(arg, val).
array_agg(arg)Alias of list(arg).
count_star()Alias of count().
group_concat(arg, sep)Alias of string_agg(arg, sep).
listagg(arg, sep)Alias of string_agg(arg, sep).
max_by(arg, val)Alias of arg_max(arg, val).
mean(arg)Alias of avg(arg).
min_by(arg, val)Alias of arg_min(arg, val).
stddev(x)Alias of stddev_samp(x).
sumkahan(arg)Alias of kahan_sum(arg).
variance(x)Alias of var_samp(x).

Miscellaneous Aggregate Functions​

FunctionDescriptionAlias
grouping()For queries with GROUP BY and either ROLLUP or GROUPING SETS: Returns an integer identifying which of the argument expressions were used to group on to create the current super-aggregate row.grouping_id()
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