Bitstring Functions

This section describes functions and operators for examining and manipulating BITSTRING values. Bitstrings must be of equal length when performing the bitwise operands AND, OR and XOR. When bit shifting, the original length of the string is preserved.

Bitstring Operators

The table below shows the available mathematical operators for BIT type.

Operator	Description	Example	Result
&	Bitwise AND	'10101'::BITSTRING & '10001'::BITSTRING	10001
|	Bitwise OR	'1011'::BITSTRING | '0001'::BITSTRING	1011
xor	Bitwise XOR	xor('101'::BITSTRING, '001'::BITSTRING)	100
~	Bitwise NOT	~('101'::BITSTRING)	010
<<	Bitwise shift left	'1001011'::BITSTRING << 3	1011000
>>	Bitwise shift right	'1001011'::BITSTRING >> 3	0001001

Bitstring Functions

The table below shows the available scalar functions for BIT type.

Name	Description
bit_count(bitstring)	Returns the number of set bits in the bitstring.
bit_length(bitstring)	Returns the number of bits in the bitstring.
bit_position(substring, bitstring)	Returns first starting index of the specified substring within bits, or zero if it's not present. The first (leftmost) bit is indexed 1.
bitstring(bitstring, length)	Returns a bitstring of determined length.
get_bit(bitstring, index)	Extracts the nth bit from bitstring; the first (leftmost) bit is indexed 0.
length(bitstring)	Alias for bit_length.
octet_length(bitstring)	Returns the number of bytes in the bitstring.
set_bit(bitstring, index, new_value)	Sets the nth bit in bitstring to newvalue; the first (leftmost) bit is indexed 0. Returns a new bitstring.

bit_count(bitstring)

Returns the number of set bits in the bitstring.

SQL

SELECT bit_count('1101011'::BITSTRING) AS bit_count;

 bit_count
-----------
         5

bit_length(bitstring)

Returns the number of bits in the bitstring.

SQL

SELECT bit_length('1101011'::BITSTRING) AS bit_length;

 bit_length
------------
          7

bit_position(substring, bitstring)

Returns first starting index of the specified substring within bits, or zero if it's not present. The first (leftmost) bit is indexed 1.

SQL

SELECT bit_position('010'::BITSTRING, '1110101'::BITSTRING) AS bit_position;

 bit_position
--------------
            4

bitstring(bitstring, length)

Returns a bitstring of determined length.

SQL

SELECT bitstring('1010'::BITSTRING, 7) AS bitstring;

 bitstring
-----------
   0001010

get_bit(bitstring, index)

Extracts the nth bit from bitstring; the first (leftmost) bit is indexed 0.

SQL

SELECT get_bit('0110010'::BITSTRING, 2) AS get_bit;

 get_bit
---------
       1

length(bitstring)

Alias for bit_length.

SQL

SELECT length('1101011'::BITSTRING) AS length;

 length
--------
      7

octet_length(bitstring)

Returns the number of bytes in the bitstring.

SQL

SELECT octet_length('1101011'::BITSTRING) AS octet_length;

 octet_length
--------------
            1

set_bit(bitstring, index, new_value)

Sets the nth bit in bitstring to newvalue; the first (leftmost) bit is indexed 0. Returns a new bitstring.

SQL

SELECT set_bit('0110010'::BITSTRING, 2, 0) AS set_bit;

 set_bit
---------
 0100010

Bitstring Aggregate Functions

These aggregate functions are available for BIT type.

Name	Description
bit_and(arg)	Returns the bitwise AND operation performed on all bitstrings in a given expression.
bit_or(arg)	Returns the bitwise OR operation performed on all bitstrings in a given expression.
bit_xor(arg)	Returns the bitwise XOR operation performed on all bitstrings in a given expression.
bitstring_agg(arg)	Returns a bitstring with bits set for each distinct position defined in arg.
bitstring_agg(arg, min, max)	Returns a bitstring with bits set for each distinct position defined in arg. All positions must be within the range [min, max] or an Out of Range Error will be thrown.

The examples below use a table bits with a BITSTRING column A holding 10101, 11001 and 00110, and a table nums with an INTEGER column A holding 1, 3, 5 and 8.

SQL

CREATE TABLE bits (A BITSTRING);
INSERT INTO bits VALUES ('10101'::BITSTRING), ('11001'::BITSTRING), ('00110'::BITSTRING);
CREATE TABLE nums (A INTEGER);
INSERT INTO nums VALUES (1), (3), (5), (8);

bit_and(arg)

Returns the bitwise AND operation performed on all bitstrings in a given expression.

SQL

SELECT bit_and(A) AS bit_and FROM bits;

 bit_and
---------
   00000

bit_or(arg)

Returns the bitwise OR operation performed on all bitstrings in a given expression.

SQL

SELECT bit_or(A) AS bit_or FROM bits;

 bit_or
--------
  11111

bit_xor(arg)

Returns the bitwise XOR operation performed on all bitstrings in a given expression.

SQL

SELECT bit_xor(A) AS bit_xor FROM bits;

 bit_xor
---------
   01010

bitstring_agg(arg)

The bitstring_agg function takes any integer type as input and returns a bitstring with bits set for each distinct value. The left-most bit represents the smallest value in the column and the right-most bit the maximum value. If possible, the min and max are retrieved from the column statistics. Otherwise, it is also possible to provide the min and max values.

SQL

SELECT bitstring_agg(A) AS bitstring_agg FROM nums;

 bitstring_agg
---------------
      10101001

Tip

The combination of bit_count and bitstring_agg can be used as an alternative to count(DISTINCT ...), with possible performance improvements in cases of low cardinality and dense values.

bitstring_agg(arg, min, max)

Returns a bitstring with bits set for each distinct position defined in arg. All positions must be within the range [min, max] or an Out of Range Error will be thrown.

SQL

SELECT bitstring_agg(A, 1, 42) AS bitstring_agg FROM nums;

 bitstring_agg
--------------------------------------------
 101010010000000000000000000000000000000000